种子发芽六个过程英语

The six processes of seed germination are as follows:

Imbibition（吸胀）

This is the first step. Seeds absorb water through their seed coats. The water causes the seed to swell as the cells inside the seed rehydrate. For example, a dry bean seed will expand in size when placed in water. The imbibition process activates enzymes that are essential for the subsequent steps of germination.

Respiration（呼吸作用）

As the seed takes in water, its metabolic activity increases. Respiration begins, where the seed uses stored energy (such as starch) to fuel its growth. The seed takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It's like a tiny factory starting up, using its internal resources to generate the energy needed for growth. This process helps to break down stored nutrients and convert them into forms that can be used for building new cells and tissues.

Effect of hormones（激素作用）

Hormones play a crucial role. Gibberellins, for example, are hormones that stimulate the production of enzymes. These enzymes break down the stored food in the endosperm (the tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in a seed) into simpler substances like sugars. This provides the necessary nutrients for the growth of the embryo. It's similar to a signal being sent within the seed to mobilize its food reserves.

Cell division and growth（细胞分裂和生长）

The embryo inside the seed starts to grow through cell division. The root - called the radicle - is the first part to emerge. It pushes through the seed coat and starts to grow downwards into the soil. At the same time, the shoot - which includes the plumule (the embryonic shoot) - also begins to grow upwards. The cells divide and elongate, increasing the size of the embryo. You can think of it as a construction project where new cells are being built and added to form the basic structures of the future plant.

Emergence of the radicle（胚根出现）

The radicle emerges from the seed and starts to penetrate the soil. It anchors the seedling in the ground and begins to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The radicle's growth is important for the plant's stability and its ability to access essential resources. It's like the plant's first step in establishing a connection with the ground to support its growth.

Emergence of the plumule（胚芽出现）

After the radicle has started to grow, the plumule emerges from the seed and grows upwards. It develops into the shoot system of the plant, including the leaves and stems. The plumule grows towards the light, which is an important stimulus for its growth. Once the plumule emerges and starts to photosynthesize (produce food using light), the seedling becomes more independent and can continue to grow and develop into a mature plant.